1. Hell
2. Ghost
3. Animal
4. Asura
5. Man
6. Deva
7. Sravaka (Sound-Hearer Arhat)
8. Praetyka-Buddha
9. Bodhisattva
10. Buddha

Each Dharma realm has its own characteristics, and its existence is attributed to the retribution of the beings. The lowest six realms (1-6) are known as the Six Paths or Six Realms. These six states of existence are subjected to birth and death, and then rebirth for many lives. The upper four realms are known as the Four Holy Realms. These four states of existence are beyond birth and death and liberated from the Samsara

For details, please refer to Part 2 of Buddhism In A Nutshell, which appeared in Vol. 1 No. 4 of Buddhist Door, March 1996.

1. No killing
2. No stealing
3. No adultery
4. No lying
5. No slandering
6. No harsh speech
7. No idle talks
8. No greed
9. No hatred
10. No illusion

1. Mahakasyapa in Sanskrit, Mahakassapa in Pali.    
   first in ascetism.
2. Ananda    
   first in having heard the words of Buddha.
3. Sariputra in Sanskrit, Sariputta in Pali.    
   first in wisdom.
4. Subhuti    
   first in expressing emptiness.
5. Purna    
   first in explaining good law.
6. Maudgalyayana in Sanskrit, Moggallana in Pali.    
   first in supernatural power.
7. Katyayana    
   first in preaching.
8. Aniruddha in Sanskrit, Anuruddha in Pali.    
   first in the sharpness of his divine eyes.
9. Upali    
   first in taking precepts.
10. Rahula    
    first in esoteric practices and in desire for instruction in the law.

1. To worship and respect all Buddhas.
2. To praise the Thus Come One.
3. To practise offerings.
4. To repent all karmic hindrance.
5. To rejoice and follow merits and virtue.
6. To request that the Dharma wheel be turned.
7. To request that the Buddha remain in the world.
8. To follow the Buddha's teachings.
9. To live in accord with all living beings.
10. To spread all merits and virtue.

1. Charity
2. Morality / Taking Precepts
3. Mental cultivation / Meditation
4. Reverence or respect
5. Services in helping others
6. Transference of merits
7. Rejoicing in the merits of others
8. Preaching and teaching Dharma
9. Listening the Dharma
10. Straightening one's own views

1. incense
2. flower
3. lamp
4. necklace
5. jeweled parasols
6. banners and canopies
7. clothes
8. fruit and food
9. music
10. joined palms

1. what is right or wrong in every condition
2. what is the karma of every being, past, present and future
3. all stages of dhyana liberation and samadhi
4. the powers and faculties of all beings
5. the desires or moral directions of every being
6. the actual condition of every individual
7. the direction and consequence of all laws
8. all causes of mortality and of good and evil in their reality
9. the end of all beings and Nirvana
10. the destruction of all illusion of every kind

1. Kosa
2. Satyasiddhi
3. Madhyamika
4. Tien Tai
5. Hua Yen
6. Dharmalaksana
7. Vinaya
8. Chan
9. Esoteric
10. Pure Land

1. Pramudita (joy) - job at having overcome the difficulties and sufferings, now entering on the path to Buddhahood
2. Vimala (purity) - freedom from all possible defilement
3. Prabhakari (enlightenment) - stage of further enlightenment
4. Arcismati (widsom) - stage of glowing wisdom
5. Sudurjaya (no difficulty) - stage of mastering the utmost difficulties
6. Abhimukhi (open way) - the open way of wisdom above definitions of impurity and purity
7. Duramgama (proceeding afar) - getting above ideas of self in order to save others
8. Acala (unperturbed) - attainment of being unperturbed
9. Sadhumati (discriminatory wisdom) - the finest discriminatory wisdom, knowing where and how to save, and possessing the Ten Powers
10. Dharma megha (law cloud) - attainment of the fertilizing powers of law cloud

1. Tathagata - the Thus Come Ones
2. Arhat - worthy of offerings
3. Samyak-sambuddha - of proper and universal knowledge
4. Vidyacarna-sampauna - perfect in understanding and conduct
5. Sugata - skilful in leaving the world through liberation
6. Lokavid - perfect and complete understanding of all worldly Dharma
7. Anuttara - unsurpassed knights
8. Purusa-damya-sarathi - taming heroes
9. Sasta deramanusyanam - teachers of gods and people
10. Buddha-lokanatha or Bhagaran - Buddha, the World Honored Ones

1. Meditation of Inconceivable Virtue of the Self-mind   -   highest order for superior roots
2. Meditation of Real Bodhicitta
3. Meditation of Expedient Dwelling of Mind
4. Meditation of Breaking Universal Dharma
5. Meditation of Penetrating through Obstructed Consciousness
6. Meditation of Commissioning all Chapters of Paths
7. Meditation of Confronting Delusion and Advocating Enlightenment
8. Meditation of Understanding the Stages of Fruition
9. Meditation of Calmness and Endurance
10. Meditation of Non-attachment of Dharma

1. Level feet
2. thousand-spoke wheel-sign on feet
3. long slender fingers
4. pliant hands and feet
5. toes and fingers finely webbed
6. full-sized heels
7. arched insteps
8. thigh like a royal stag
9. hands reaching below the knees
10. well-retracted male organ
11. height and stretch of arms equal
12. every hair-root dark coloured
13. body hair graceful and curly
14. golden-hued body
15. a ten-foot halo around him
16. soft smooth skin
17. two soles, two palms, two shoulders and crown well rounded
18. below the armpits well-filled
19. lion-shaped body
20. erect
21. full shoulders
22. forty teeth
23. teeth white even and close
24. the four canine teeth pure white
25. lion-jawed
26. salvia improving the taste of all food
27. tongue long and broad
28. voice deep and resonant
29. eye deep blue
30. eye lashes like a royal bull
31. a white urna or curl between the eyebrows emitting light
32. an usnisa or fleshy protuberance on the crown.

1. the Five Skandhas
2. the Twelve Bases
3. the Eighteen Fields

1. through things seen and thought
2. through the immense variety of duties in saving humans
3. through ignorance

1. Enlightenment for self
2. Enlightenment for others
3. Perfect enlightenment and accomplishment

1. Affliction obstruction   -   e.g. due to Three Poisons, i.e. greed, hatred and stupidity.
2. Karma obstruction   -   e.g. due to Five Offenses, and Ten Unwholesome Deeds, i.e. the Karma in the past.
3. Retribution obstruction   -   e.g. the suffering retribution in Three Evil Paths.

1. Greed or wrong desire
2. Hatred or anger
3. Illusion or stupidity or ignorance

1. Realm of Sensusous Desire (Sanskrit word is Kamadhatu) of sex and food. It includes the Six Heavens of Desire, the Human World and the Hells.
2. Realm of Form (Sanskrit word is Rupaadhatu) of matter which is substantial and resistant. It is a semi-material conception. It is above the lust world and contains bodies, places and things, all mystic and wonderful. It consists of 18 heavens, including the Heavens of Four Zen (Sanskrit word is Brahmalokas).
3. Realm of Formlessness (Sanskrit word is Arupadhatu) of pure spirit, where there are no bodies and matters to which human terms would apply, but where the mind dwells in mystic contemplation; its extent is indefinable, but it is conceived of in Four Stages/Places of Emptiness in the immaterial world. It has four heavens, in which the Sphere/heaven of neither-perception-nor-non-perception is the highest.

1. All phenomena are impermanent.
2. All Dharma are not-self.
3. The eternity is Nirvana.

It is called the seal because it is to certify whether it is the Buddha's teaching or not. Also see Four Seals.

1. Madhyamaka Shastra
2. Dvadashamukha Shastra
3. Shatika Shastra

All three were translated by Kumarajiva, on which the Three Shastra Sect bases its doctrines.

1. Sila, i.e. taking Precepts
2. Dhyana, i.e. concentration and meditation
3. Prajna, i.e. wisdom

1. Feeling of suffering
2. Feeling of happiness - suffering of decay
3. Feeling of neither suffering nor happiness - suffering of the activity of the Five Skandhas.

1. All phenomena are impermanent.
2. All Dharma are not-self.
3. All sensations are suffering.

The Three Universal Truths are:

1. All phenomena are impermanent, (i.e., Anicca in Sanskrit).
2. All dharmas are non-self, (i.e., Anatta in Sanskrit).
3. The eternity is Nirvana and stillness.

1. the virtue, or potency of the Buddha's eternal, spiritual body, i.e., the Dharmakaya
2. the virtue of his Prajna, knowing all things in their reality
3. the virtue of his freedom from all attachments and his sovereign liberty

1. Sravaka and Praetyka-Buddha knowledge that all the Dharmas or laws are void and unreal
2. Bodhisattva knowledge of all things in proper discrimination
3. Buddha knowledge or perfect knowledge of all things in their every aspect and relationship past, present and future.

In Tien Tai Sect, the Three Wisdom is associated with the Three Dogmas of Void, Unreal and Mean.

1. Dharma body, i.e. Dharmakaya - its own essential nature, common to all Buddhas.
2. Retribution body, i.e. Sambhogakaya - a body of bliss, which he receives for his own use and enjoyment.
3. Response and transformation body, i.e. Nirmanatkaya - he can appear in any form whenever and wherever necessary for the sake of crossing over others.

1. Amitabha
2. Avalokitesvara (Kuan Yin)
3. Mahasthamaprapta

1. Sutra-Pitika (Sanskrit) or Sutta-Pitaka (Pali), or the Sutra Basket - containing the entire , the sermons attributed to the Shakyamuni Buddha.
2. Vinaya-Pitika (both Sanskrit and Pali), or the Ordinance Basket - containing the rules of monastic life.
3. Abhidharma-Pitika (Sanskrit) or Abhidhamma-Pitaka (Pali), or Shastras, or the Treatise Basket - containing the doctrinal commentaries, philosophical and technical works, such as discourses, discussions, or treatises on the dogma, doctrines, etc.

There are many other terms to describe it, e.g. Buddha-nature, Self-nature Pure Mind, Dharmakaya (Dharma Body), Tathagata-garbha (Buddha-treasury), Reality (real mark), Dharma Realm, Dharma Nature, the Complete and Perfect real nature, etc.

1. share-sectioned birth and death
2. changed birth and death

1. Natural death of the life
2. Death form external cause and conditions

1. the obstacle of afflictions
2. the obstacle of what is known

It is said that there were four branches of the Vaibhasika school, so called after the Vaibhasika Shastra.

1. Sthavirah
2. Sarvastivadah
3. Vatsiputriyah
4. Mahasanghika

The school adhered primarily to two Sarvastivadin texts, the Jnanaprasthana and Abhidharmavibbasa-shastra.

• Dharmottariyah
• Bhadrayaniyah
• Sammatiyah
• Sannagarikah

The meaning of the term, not necessarily limited to this sect, is the method of particularization in dealing with questions in debate. It is said that this school was established to harmonize the difference between the Sthaviras and Mahasanghikas. The Abhidhamma Pitaka was the definite work of this school, thus they gained supremacy over the Sarvastivadins in the Third Council.

See Dharmalaksana School.