Dear Friends of the Dharma: It has been drizzling continuously today, but rain cannot dampen your enthusiasm in the search of the Dharma. Several thousands of us have gathered in this hall. We are thankful for the compassion and blessing of the Buddha, enabling us to assemble here to receive and enjoy the nectar of the Dharma. The topic which we want to discuss today is the Diamond Sutra and the study of wisdom (prajna) and emptiness (sunyata). Yesterday we talked about Ch'an, but Ch'an really cannot be described in words. Today we will discuss emptiness, and emptiness also cannot be expressed in words. However, in order to realize wisdom and the nature of emptiness, we have to resort to some means of speaking about both of them. Although what we talk about is really neither wisdom nor emptiness, if it can give us a semblance of them, it will be of great help to us.

The Diamond Sutra is a famous and popular Buddhist scripture. As soon as we mention the Diamond Sutra to people, they know we are talking about Buddhism, and conversely, it is often impossible to discuss Buddhism without mentioning the Diamond Sutra. Presently, many Buddhists read and recite the Diamond Sutra in the hope that misfortune will not befall them and their lives will be both long and blessed. The Diamond Sutra is also recited to transfer merits to the deceased. During the T'ang Dynasty, if a Buddhist layman wanted to get the necessary permission to become a monk, he had to pass an examination arranged by the government. One of the main subjects of this examination was the Diamond Sutra. The Fifth Patriarch of Ch'an, Hung Jen, also recited the Diamond Sutra when he wanted to pass on the Dharma to the Sixth Patriarch.

The Diamond Sutra is not only highly esteemed in academic circles. It is also popular among the general public. Everybody, from a revered monk to an average person, finds the Diamond Sutra indispensable in the study of Buddhism. The popularity of the Diamond Sutra can be traced to its profound philosophy, eloquent style, and applicability to the cultivation of the religious life.

The Diamond Sutra contains a total of more than 5,000 Chinese characters. Prince Chao Ming of the Liang Dynasty divided the text into thirty-two sections. Since our time is so short, we cannot discuss this sutra in great detail, but we can give a brief explanation of its main theme. In the following, I will try to state the main theme of the Diamond Sutra using the following phrases:

a) Give without clinging to any notion; b) Deliver all beings without the notion of a self; c) Live without attachment; d) Cultivate without any expectation.

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To give without clinging to any notion refers to the threefold emptiness of giving. It means that when giving one should not have any idea of an "I" as the giver, nor of an individual who receives the gift, nor of things being given. Naturally, there should be no expectation of being repaid for what one has given. The merit of this kind of giving, characterized by the threefold emptiness men-tioned above, is the utmost.

Once the Chinese Broadcasting Company broad-casted a drama which went like this. A couple once found a small stray dog in the snow. They decided to take it back home to raise it. As the dog was found in the snow, they named it Snowie. Soon, a bond developed between the dog and the couple. Every day, around the time when the husband would get off work from the factory, the dog would greet him at the bus station and accompany him back home. It was so punctual that others started calling it "The Time-keeper."

One night, a thief broke into the house. The dog was very clever; it nabbed the thief and would not let go of its grip until the couple had a chance to question the thief. As it turned out, the thief explained that his mother was sick, and as he had no money, he resorted to stealing to buy medicine for this mother. Since the reason for his stealing was to take care of his sick mother, the couple decided to let the thief go. They also gave the thief some other things to take home with him.

After some time, the couple totally forgot about this incident. However, things in this world are impermanent and ever changing. One day, an explosion occurred at the factory where the husband was working, and he was killed on the job. Because of his sudden death, the household lost its main breadwinner, and life became very difficult. The wife had no choice but to borrow money from her relatives and friends to pay the bills. After a while, her relatives and friends started to avoid her. This made the situation turn from bad to worse.

One day, a man from the countryside called on the couple. He brought with him a goat, some vegetables, fuel, rice, oil, and salt as gifts for them. This man was no other than the thief whom they had helped before. He had been deeply moved by the kindness of this husband and wife and was worried that he could never repay them for the help they had extended to him. When he came to know of the misfortune that had befallen them, he knew it was the perfect time for him to repay their kindness. From that time on and for many years afterwards, he continually helped the wife with food and other necessities, and so saved her from the brink of despair.

The wife thought, "When my husband was alive, we had many friends and relatives, but after he died, all of them went away one by one. On the contrary, this thief, whom we let go and to whom we gave out of kindness without any thought of recompense, has now come back to help me." Deeply touched, she recalled the proverb which says, "A flower planted with care does not bloom, whereas a willow planted without much thought grows into a shady tree." This way of acting, without any thought of recompense, is indeed the cultivation of "giving without clinging to any notion."

Giving for the purpose of getting fame, gaining wealth, avoiding the pain of being reborn into a suffering state of existence, or wishing for good health and blessings is giving with clinging to form. The merit of such giving is limited. If one practices giving without any regard as to whether there is any gain to be had, to what the cost is, or as to whether there is any recompense, this giving that is done completely out of the need of others is called "giving without clinging to any notion." The merit from such giving is limitless.

The Diamond Sutra says, "Cultivate giving without abiding in form, without abiding in smell, taste, touch, or mental objects." In our daily lives, if we talk, work, eat, and dress with compassion, we can do a lot of good and help people every-where. However, we must not dwell on the notion that we are helping others and keep thinking about how much good we have done.

Only by giving without clinging to any notion can one attain limitless merit and be in accordance with the spirit of the Diamond Sutra.

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B. Deliver All Beings without the Notion of a Self

If one clings to any notion when giving, the merit gained will not be great. If we have the notion of a self when delivering others [from the sea of suffering], we will not be able to develop our compassion. Only when we develop great selfless compassion can we deliver all living beings. The Diamond Sutra says, "I should master the mind in such a way that I will lead all types of living beings¡Xwhether born of egg, womb, moisture, or transformation, with or without form, with or without consciousness, or neither with nor without any consciousness¡Xto Nirvana-without-remainder so that they are completely freed." There are countless types of living beings. "To deliver living beings" does not mean to deliver only a few of them; it means to develop a heart and mind large and wide enough to deliver all beings without exception.

The intention to deliver all living beings does not mean only the giving of food to those who have nothing to eat or the giving of clothes to those who have nothing to wear. The provision of food and emotional support can only give momentary relief. To truly deliver living beings means to enable every being to enter Nirvana-without-remainder and thereby transcend the cycle of birth and death. If we are to deliver so many living beings and guide them to the shore of Nirvana, then we need to have a mind which does not cling to the notion that any living being has been delivered. We must have a mind that is free from the dualistic notion of self versus others. Only then, can we truly deliver all beings.

The Diamond Sutra says, "Even if an immeas-urable, innumerable, and unlimited number of living beings have been delivered, in reality, no living being has been delivered." When a Bodhi-sattva delivers sentient beings, he or she must be without any notion of a self, any notion of others, any notion of living beings, and any notion of lifespan. Only then is it truly delivering all beings. To deliver all sentient beings, one must develop a mind that is broad, that is free of dualities and wrong ideas, and that is without any notion of a self. According to the Diamond Sutra, only through the delivering of living beings without the notion of a self can one be attuned with prajna and comprehend the nature of sunyata.

In the Ch'an school, there is a kung-an (a col-lection of public cases in Ch'an records) about a person asking Ch'an Master Wei K'uan, "Where is the Way?"

"Right before your eyes."

"Why do I not see it?"

"You do not see it because you have [the notion of] a self."

"Because I have [the notion of] a self, I do not see it. Has the Master seen it?"

"[The notion of] ¡¥you,' in addition to [the notion of] a self, further keeps you from seeing."

"If there is neither [the notion of] ¡¥you' nor [the notion of] a self, can it be seen?"

"If there is neither ¡¥you' nor ¡¥a self,' then who wants to see it?"

When we speak of "selflessness," we do not mean there is no such a person as myself. "Self-lessness" is a realm of the mind and prajna. It is a realm of being free from the bondage of the tangible, dualistic notion of relationship, of being able to transcend the relative concepts of self and others, and of being equal to space and the universe. There is fundamentally no different-iation of the mind, the Buddha, and sentient beings: all living beings are beings in one's mind, all the Buddhas are Buddhas in one's mind, and all things are things in one's mind. Outside of the mind, where can there be any living beings? If we think like this, then although numerous beings are freed, we do not think that a single being is freed. With such transcendental thinking, we are truly practitioners of prajna and sunyata.

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To live without attachment is to live without clinging to the external environment of the five desires (wealth, beauty, fame, food, and sleep) and the six dusts (sight, sound, smell, taste, touch, and idea). In every aspect of daily life¡Xclothing, food, shelter, and transportation¡Xwe must live without greed and attachment. The life of the Buddhist layman Vimalakirti was one of "living in a family, but being unattached to the three realms of existence; living with a wife, but always prac-ticing pure living." The life he lived was indeed a life without attachment.

To live without attachment does not mean that we should abstain from living, but that we should lead our lives with an attitude that is captured in the saying, "If you are as unaffected as a wooden statue looking at flowers and birds, then does it matter that tens of thousands of things illusively surround you." If we can live without attachment, then we can look at the world like "a wooden statue looking at flowers and birds" and be unaf-fected like a wooden statue would; we will not be perturbed by the outside world, and we will be freed from greed. This is to say that if we can live without any clinging, then worldly fame and fortune, disputes between self and others, and concerns for gain or loss can no longer affect us. We can then "pass through a grove of flowers without a single leaf clinging to us." At that time we can indeed "meditate peacefully without being in a secluded place," for "we will have a sense of coolness when the fires in our hearts are extinguished."

Indeed, it is wise to look at the world without making comparisons, without being discrimin-ating and calculating, for this enables us to enter the world of nonattachment. When the mind has reached the state of nonattachment, the heart can be as wide as the open space of the universe. If we can attain this state, then we will no longer be affected by the trifles of daily life. The life without attachment as mentioned in the Diamond Sutra is really a life of utmost perfection. We should not, however, think that the type of living alluded to in the Diamond Sutra is so mystical and unfathomable that it is beyond our reach. On the contrary, the teachings in the Diamond Sutra can help us lead an everyday life that transcends all material desires. It is up to us to experience the wisdom of nonattachment in our daily lives and to find out for ourselves how we can purify our minds and improve our lives.

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When there is nothing to acquire, then there is true attainment; thus, it is only when we cultivate without expectation that we can attain enlighten-ment. It is said in the Heart Sutra, "There is no eye, ear, nose, tongue, body, or mind; there is no form, sound, odor, taste, touch, and no mental object. There is no realm of eye consciousness and no realm of mental thoughts; there is no ignorance and there is no extinction of ignorance. There is no old age and death, and there is no extinction of old age and death. There is no suffering, no accumulation of suffering, no extinction of suf-fering, and no path (leading to the extinction of suffering). There is no knowledge and no acquisition of knowledge, because there is nothing to acquire." This is the real wisdom of the Bodhi-sattva.

Our nature is originally pure; it will shine without any enhancement or modification. Our nature is fundamentally pure and bright, funda-mentally the same as that of the Buddha. Our true nature is not something to be cultivated, some-thing to be realized, or something to be acquired. It is only when we practice without [the notion of] practicing, when we realize without [the notion of] realizing, that we are truly enlightened.

"Nothingness" does not mean without anything. Actually, the value of the [seemingly] useless is the greatest. Let me tell you an interesting story.

Once, a person's eyes, nose, and mouth had a meeting. First the eyes said, "We, the eyes, are of utmost importance to the body. Everything must be seen by us to know whether it is beautiful or not, big or small, tall or short. Without eyes, walking around will be very difficult. So we, the eyes, are very important. But we have been improperly placed under the eyebrows, which are of no use. It is just not fair!"

Next, the nose said, "I, the nose, am the most important. Only I can distinguish a good smell from a foul odor. The act of breathing is also dependent on me. If I do not let the breath pass through, everybody will die. So I am the most important. As important as I am, I have been unfairly placed beneath the useless eyebrows. I am most unhappy."

Then the mouth said, "I am the most important part of the human body. I can speak; if not for me, there would not be any communication among people. I take in the food; if not for me, everybody would die of hunger. Such an important part as myself has been placed in the lowest part of the face. The useless eyebrows, however, have been put on the highest part of the face. This I cannot accept!"

After the others had spoken, the eyebrows spoke slowly, "Please do not fight anymore. We, the eyebrows, are surely the most useless things; we admit defeat. We are willing to be placed below you." Having said this, the eyebrows settled down below the eyes. Unfortunately, the person no longer looked like a human being. Next, they eyebrows settled down below the nose. It was still horrible; it still did not look like a human being. Then the eyebrows settled down below the mouth. This looked even more ghastly! The eyes, nose, and mouth huddled to discuss the situation again. They concluded that it was best if the eyebrows returned to their original place on the face; it was the most appropriate spot for them. When the eyebrows returned to their original spot, the appearance was once again that of a human being. Thus, we can see that what appears to be the most useless thing can be indeed the most useful.

The main theme of the Diamond Sutra is "no self, no notion, no cultivation, and no realization." This "no" is "emptiness," but emptiness does not have the usual meaning of without anything. Emptiness is the basis of existence; emptiness is the nondual "nothingness" which embraces both existence and nonexistence. Such a "nothingness" is real "emptiness." This is the ultimate wisdom.

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II. The Understanding of Emptiness in the Diamond Sutra

Emptiness, or sunyata, as discussed in the Diamond Sutra is not the emptiness of which people ordinarily speak. Most people think of emptiness and existence as two distinct and dualistic concepts. To them, the existence of things cannot be characterized as emptiness; to them, emptiness cannot possibly mean existence. This kind of emptiness that is dualistic with existence is not the emptiness that is discoursed in the Diamond Sutra. The term "emptiness" as used in the Diamond Sutra includes both existence and nonexistence. In fact, emptiness integrates exist-ence and nonexistence. People ordinarily think that there is absolutely no emptiness within existence, and there is no existence at all in emptiness. But the existence and nonexistence spoken of in the Diamond Sutra refers to the fact that existence is emptiness and that emptiness is existence. Emptiness and existence are one and the same, for existence and nonexistence are but two aspects of emptiness.

Let me use the analogy of a fist. When a hand is closed into a fist, there is clearly the existence of a fist. But when we open our fingers, where is the fist? The fist, which was so clearly visible, is no longer there. But can you say that it is nonexist-ent? When the five fingers close up, there is again a fist. The Diamond Sutra says that existence and nonexistence are the same thing. Existence is indeed nonexistence, and nonexistence is nothing but existence.

In the discussion of emptiness, the Diamond Sutra says that there is nothing in this world that has the character of never changing, the character of substantial being, and the character of independent existence. In fact, the so-called "emptiness" in the Diamond Sutra has the meaning of cause and condition.

Emptiness is very difficult to comprehend. It is a truth which is difficult to understand. What is emptiness?

Emptiness is the essence of the universe, the origin of human life, and the source of the phenomenal world. Let us take Amitabha Buddha as a practical example of emptiness. Amitabha is emptiness because Amitabha is indeed Truth and Truth is Amitabha. So Amitabha is called emptiness. The name Amitabha contains infinite significance. For example, Chinese Buddhists usually go around saying "O-MI-TO-FO," the name of Amitabha. When you see a Mr. Wang coming toward you, you immediately say, "Mr. Wang, O-MI-TO-FO." This simply means, "Hi, Mr. Wang, good to see you here." When you meet a Mr. Lee on the road in the morning, you say, "Mr. Lee, O-MI-TO-FO." It means, "Good morning, Mr. Lee." Again, as a guest in some-one's house, at the time of taking leave, you say, "I am leaving now, O-MI-TO-FO." It means, "Good-bye, everybody." If you see somebody fall down, you say, "Oh my goodness, O-MI-TO-FO." This shows your compassion and sympathy. In my own case, when people give me something, I always say "O-MI-TO-FO" to express my thanks.

The significance of the word Amitabha is very broad. This word stands for many other words. Like Amitabha, the word "emptiness" includes everything. Just like a purse, it can contain many things only when it is empty. Likewise, a train can carry many passengers only when its compart-ments are empty. If the nasal cavity were not empty, then one could not breathe; if the mouth were not empty, then one could not eat any food. If the pores of the skin were not empty, then people would die. Only when people have empty space can they live and move about. Because Amitabha is emptiness, Amitabha can encompass all without limit¡Xthis is real emptiness indeed. So it is said, "Real emptiness is not contrary to existence, and existence is not contrary to real emptiness."

There are people who are afraid of talking about emptiness¡Xemptiness of space, earth, worldly affairs, and even one's sons and daughters. This sounds terrible! They are dismayed at the thought that if everything they own is empty, they will have nothing. It is not like this at all. Take the example of those of us who have renounced the household life. Although we have renounced the household life, we can call everywhere home. We need not worry about not having any children; as long as we have universal parental love, we can call all the people in the world our children. We need not be fearful of not having any wealth; as long as we have real wisdom and the willingness to do good deeds, then everything in this universe becomes ours. If we are in harmony with emptiness, then we are in harmony with Truth. We need not be afraid, thinking that emptiness is without anything; on the contrary, because of emptiness, things exist. It is only when we live a life of emptiness that we can have everything. So the Diamond Sutra says that if we live a life without attachment, then we can truly have a peaceful life abiding in emptiness.

There was a period in my life that I had a taste of what a life of emptiness is. In 1949, I came to Taiwan from Mainland China. This was a tumultuous period, and I became one of the many that fled Mainland China. When I first arrived in Taiwan, I was totally penniless. I wore my wooden clogs for two years until the soles were completely worn. The short outer jacket that I had, I wore it for two or three years straight. Everybody coped with these trying times in a different way. Some of the monks conducted funeral ceremonies, while others organized Dharma functions. When they returned from these services, they brought back many things and their lives were no longer difficult. Although it was difficult for me to obtain even a piece of paper or a pen for writing an article, I was not envious of them. I did not feel that my life was impoverished or hard.

Actually, I felt fulfilled and enriched at that time. I felt a deep kinship with heaven and earth¡Xthe land welcomed me in my travels with open arms, the flowers and trees shared their beauty with me, and I found friendship with many people. Even though life was hard, I did not feel pitiful, poor, or lonely. Suppose that I had felt sorry for myself under those difficult times, then how would I have been able to persevere in the life of a Buddhist monk?

Then what enabled me to feel fulfilled and happy? Looking back, I must attribute this to the teaching of the Buddha and the wisdom of emptiness. I have always believed that the cause and condition of becoming a monk and the merit of monastic life are most precious. Through the cultivation of the Buddhist teachings, I have been able to experience the unity of the whole universe and be in harmony with the great vows of the Buddhas and Bodhisattvas. Similarly, within the wisdom of emptiness, we have the whole universe, and each of us is never truly alone or poor. The real prosperity of our lives is gained through spiritual fulfillment, and spiritual fulfill-ment must, in turn, depend on the teaching of the Buddha and the wisdom of emptiness.

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III. Understanding Emptiness from the Viewpoint of Existence

We have discussed the establishment of existence from emptiness. Now we will try to understand emptiness from the viewpoint of existence. How can existence be emptiness? To give an example, we see that the table in front of us is covered with a tablecloth. Will you say that there is a piece of cloth? I believe nobody will deny its existence, for it is actually there in front of our eyes. But if we examine the tablecloth through prajna (or wisdom), we will realize that the tablecloth is empty and exists only because of causes and conditions. The form that we recognize as a tablecloth is an illusion perceived by our eyes; it is an erroneous cognition. Pursuing further, we can see that this object is fundament-ally cotton, not cloth.

Let us not be mistaken, however, into believing the analysis that this cotton, which is the underlying material of the cloth, is what we mean by emptiness. This is wrong; this is not emptiness. This piece of cloth is created out of processed cotton. Processed cotton is spun out of raw cotton. Raw cotton is harvested from plants which have grown out of cottonseeds. These seeds in turn require the nurturing of sunlight, air, water, and fertilizer before they can sprout, mature, and change into raw cotton. So we find that cotton is the culmination of the many forces of the universe. Therefore, we say that the tablecloth is emptiness and is produced by causes and conditions.

Everything is essentially empty and is closely related to millions of other things in this universe. Thus, it is not just when something ceases to exist that we speak of its emptiness. Even when an object is perfectly intact, it is fundamentally empty, for emptiness is not a separate, indepen-dent state.

Let us use the analogy of gold to illustrate emptiness and existence. Emptiness can be compared to gold, while existence can be com-pared to the rings, earrings, and necklaces which are fashioned from gold. All these different articles of gold represent existence, and their original nature of gold represents emptiness.

Let us take another example, the analogy of water and waves. Emptiness is like water, and existence is like waves. Water is originally peaceful and calm, but when the wind blows, waves are formed. We human beings are the same in this regard. Our original nature is calm, but once it becomes agitated due to ignorance, we become stirred with clingings and desires. Amid the crashing and billowing of the waves, it is not easy to see the original calmness of the water. Similarly, when a person lives a life of delusion, his originally calm and tranquil nature cannot be found. If you have prajna, you need not wait for the waves to calm down to understand that water itself is calm; you can understand that the water itself is calm even while the waves are rising and falling. If you have prajna, you need not wait for the complete elimination of defilements produced by ignorance to discover that your original nature is calm and pure; you can even discover emptiness in the midst of existence.

Some people explain emptiness as spirit and existence as matter. Some say emptiness is truth and existence is phenomenon. Some say empti-ness is one, while existence is manifold. Truth and phenomena are one, and the one and many are not different. Therefore, emptiness is not contrary to existence. Some say emptiness is the true nature of things, while existence is their external appearances. The true nature of things and their external appearances are not different, so emptiness and existence are one. Some say that emptiness is equality, while existence is differ-ence. But there is difference within equality, and there is the nature of equality within difference. Equality and difference are one, so emptiness and existence are one.

What is the relationship between emptiness and existence? I will give you another example. Emptiness is like a father, while existence is like a mother. The father is stern, and the mother is kind and tender. The father is strict with his children, while the mother brings them up with kindness. In both cases, the purpose is to educate them prop-erly. Whether one is strict or tender in teaching one's children, the goal is to have the children grow up as responsible adults. Emptiness and existence are like this. They complement each other. The strictness of father is like the sun; it is indeed emptiness. The kindness of the mother is like dew; it is indeed existence. The Ch'an Lin Pao Hsun (a precious collection of aphorisms of the Ch'an tradition) says, "In spring and summer, all things obtain warmth and sprout into life. In autumn and winter, all things are covered by frost and snow, and they mature." This means that it takes both the moisture of dew and the warmth of the sun for all things to grow and mature. Similarly, it takes emptiness and existence working hand in hand before the whole universe can come into being.

The underlying principle of emptiness and existence cannot be explained adequately in such a short time. Moreover, we cannot fully compre-hend the truth through such simple analogies. The truth of emptiness that is discussed in the Diamond Sutra has to be experienced in our everyday cultivation and practice. Only then can we truly understand the true meaning of emptiness.

How can we truly understand emptiness? It is only when we have realized prajna paramita (the perfection of wisdom) that we can perceive the five aggregates (the five components of existence: form, feeling, perception, mental formation, and consciousness) are empty. Without prajna, we cannot understand emptiness. As prajna is necessary for realizing the principle of emptiness, we must have an understanding of prajna. I will next discuss prajna not from a theoretical stand-point, but from how we can experience prajna in daily life.

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Apart from life, there is no prajna, nor is there any emptiness. The greatest shortfall of Buddhism today is the taking of Buddhism out of the context of life. There are some Buddhists who, after many years in the religion, are still filled with greed, hatred, and ignorance. Although they may be able to speak about the teaching of Buddhist sutras with ease, they still cannot let go of such dualistic notions as self and others or gain and loss. Wisdom is not obtained within the confines of a secluded retreat or from the reciting of the Prajnaparamita-hrdaya Sutra (the Heart Sutra). Wisdom emerges in the midst of ordinary activities of our daily lives, while eating, walking, sitting, sleeping, or dealing with others.

In the Ch'an school, many have become enlightened while meditating upon a Ch'an riddle given by the teacher. There was a monk named Lung T'an who went to visit the Ch'an Master T'ien Huang, well know for his enlightenment. He lived with his master for more than ten years. Since he thought he had not gotten any Buddhist teachings, he went to take leave of his master.

Master T'ien Huang asked, "Where do you want to go?"

Lung T'an answered, "I want to go in search of the Buddhist teachings."

"There are Buddhist teachings here. Where else do you want to search for the Buddhist teach-ings?"

"I have been here for more than ten years, and you have never explained anything to me about the Buddhist teachings. How can the Buddhist teachings be here?'

"Do not lie!" the Master retorted. "How can you say that there are no Buddhist teachings here? When you came to offer me tea, I always accepted it and drank it. You brought me food, and I ate it. When you joined your palms and bowed down to pay me respect, I nodded my head in response. All these things tell you about the Buddhist teachings. How can you say that the Buddhist teachings are not here? All these are Buddhist teachings. They stand for the prajna in our daily life!"

"Oh! This is prajna!" Lung T'an answered. "Let me think this over."

Master T'ien Huang said, "Don't think. Thinking arouses differentiation; thinking is no longer prajna."

The moment Lung T'an heard this sentence, he became enlightened.

Therefore in our daily lives, the Buddhist teachings are everywhere, and prajna is every-where. Now, I will talk about the prajna in the Buddha's daily living. This is the prajna spoken of in the Diamond Sutra. The Diamond Sutra opens with the following statement:

"Then the Blessed One at mealtime, put on his robes, took the alms bowl, and entered the city of Sravasti. Having begged for alms there in due order, he returned to his place. Having taken his meal, he put away his robe and alms bowl, washed his feet, and sat in a cross-legged posture. . . ."

This is the beginning of the Diamond Sutra, which I think all of you have read. Such a famous and precious Buddhist sutra starts with a descrip-tion of the Buddha washing his feet, putting on his robes, and eating his meal. What do such simple daily activities have to do with prajna and emptiness as explained in the Diamond Sutra? In fact, if you understand the Diamond Sutra, just these few lines can enable you to become enlight-ened. These few lines completely capture the spirit of prajna in the Diamond Sutra.

For example, putting on the robe and taking up the alms bowl signifies the paramita of precepts. Entering the city of Sravasti to beg for alms is an illustration of the paramita of generosity. To beg for alms in due order exemplifies the paramita of patience. Taking his meal, putting away his robe and alms bowl, and washing his feet explains the paramita of diligence. Sitting in a cross-legged position refers to the paramita of meditative concentration. In this way, the Buddha integrated the Six Paramitas in his daily life. Because he had lived a life of the Six Paramitas, he was able to realize Nirvana and be in harmony with prajna. Therefore, we should practice the Six Paramitas in our daily lives.

This short passage shows that the light of the Buddha's wisdom shines on us all. "Putting on the robe and taking the alms bowl" is the light of prajna emanating from the Buddha's hands. "Entering the city of Sravasti to beg for alms," the Buddha walked along the streets for all to see; this is the light of wisdom emanating from his body. "To be in the city" says that he is looking at the city, and this represents the light of wisdom emanating from his eyes. "Taking food" refers to the light of wisdom emanating from his mouth. "Washing the feet" refers to the light of wisdom emanating from his legs. "Siting cross-legged" refers to the light of wisdom emanating from his whole body. "At that time, the Blessed One" means that the Buddha radiated the light of wisdom every moment of his life.

We must apply the Buddhist teachings to our daily life. If we study the Diamond Sutra and live in accordance with prajna, our lives will improve. It is just like a man walking in the dark who suddenly sees where he is going because there is light. Prajna frees us from our afflictions and enables us to find peace and relief from our disputes with others. In our daily lives, we are often entangled in disagreements with others, the pursuit of fame and fortune, and problems with our spouses and children. If we apply prajna in our daily lives, then all these issues will no longer bother us, and we will look at life in a totally different light. There is a saying, "The moon out-side the window is the same as usual; it is the plum blossoms that make the difference." With prajna, our lives remain the same yet different.

If you have prajna, then you can clearly see that the five aggregates are empty. Once you under-stand that these aggregates are empty, then we are able to cross the ocean of suffering. We will no longer be consumed by the differentiation of what is mine versus what is yours. All the selfish struggles in society will dissipate. If we can understand emptiness and attain wisdom, then we can see that everything in this world is illusive. When we have such an understanding, there is no room for disputes and discords due to dualistic notions, such as self versus others. With prajna, we can leave behind differentiations and dualities, and in so doing, we also keep the many afflictions of this world at bay.

Yesterday, I had talked about Ch'an, stating that it is not easy to learn. Today I have talked about emptiness, and about how emptiness is not easy to comprehend. Tomorrow, I will speak neither about Ch'an nor emptiness, but about "existence." "To the west, beyond a hundred thousand million Buddha Lands, there is a world called ¡¥Ultimate Bliss.' In this world, there is a Buddha named Amitabha, and there exist golden earth, exquisite pagodas adorned with banners, pools of seven jewels, and water with eight excellent qualities." Until we are able to have a correct and thorough understanding of emptiness, let us consider the following saying. "We would rather have a mountain-high false view of existence than a tiny, seed-like false notion of emptiness."